General Chemistry II

Abstract

Derivation of ideal gas equation leading to Boyle’s Law and Avogadro’s Hypothesis. The Avogadro Constant. A simplified treatment (e.g. particle in a box). The assumption for ideal behavior and their limitation for real gases at high pressure and low temperature. Boltzmann distribution and molecule speed. Boltzmann constant. • Liquids: the kinetic concept of the liquid state and simple kinetic-molecular description of melting, vaporization and vapor pressure saturated and unsaturated vapors. • Phase equilibra: Phase rule, equilibra involving one, two and three components. • Solids: Lattice structure and spacing. NaCl as ionic lattice. Cu as a cubic close-packed metal lattice. Graphite and Diamond –their properties as macromolecular structures. Lattice energy and forces between the particles in atomic molecular and ionic lattice. • Electrolysis: The factors affecting the mass of substance liberated during electrolysis. Relationship between Faraday and the Avogadro constant and the charge of the electron. • Equilibria: Chemical equilibria: Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium, factors affecting chemical equilibria: Le Chatelier’s principle. Equilibrium constraints: their definition and calculation in terms of concentrations. Effect of temperature of equilibrium constants. • Ionic equilibria: Bronsted-lowry theory of acids and bases. Strong and weak acids in terms of conductivity. Strong and weak electrolytes. Degree of dissociation. The ionic product of water KW. pH and calculation,